at 1289. Arica was made famous in 1970 by the spiritual master Oscar Ichazo when he held a 10-month training there for 50 North Americans from the Esalen Institute in California. at 1287. 1991) August 5, 1991 770 F. Supp. This argument, however, misdefines the issue. Arica asserts three separate theories of copyright infringement related to its seven core enneagrams. An Annotated Bibliography of the Criticism of C.S. These processes can be understood in connection with the enneagram figure, classical philosophy and what he called "Trialectical Logic," which analyzes reality on the basis of cycles. Argued January 30, 1992.Decided July 22, 1992. As such, it is a "practically inevitable" ordering, Feist, ___ U.S. at ___, 111 S.Ct. at 191. This is the old version of the H2O platform and is now read-only. See Feist, ___ U.S. at ___, 111 S.Ct. No. The growing city of Arica spreads outward into the desert and the Peru-Chile border. Hand, J.) Id. den. See Taggart v. Time, Inc., 924 F.2d 43, 45-46 (2d Cir.1991); Fed.R.Civ.Pro 56(c). The Arica system constitutes a body of practical and theoretical knowledge in the form of a nine-level hierarchy of training programs aimed at the total development of the human being.. See Arica, 770 F.Supp. at 1290. There is a world of difference between the creative expression of an idea or a fact and its revelation. [7] At the outset, we note that on appeal of a grant of summary judgment "we apply the same standard as the district court did in deciding the Rule 56 motion and determine de novo whether a genuine issue as to any material fact exists" and whether the moving party was properly entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 2218, 2228, 85 L.Ed.2d 588 (1985)). Arica has strong ties with the city of Tacna, Peru; many people cross the border daily to travel between the cities, partly because many services (for example, dentists) are cheaper on the Peruvian side. The commune of Arica is composed of 19 census districts. at 13-27; Zechariah Chafee, Reflections on the Law of Copyright, 45 Colum.L.Rev. [16], Ichazo refined the ancient concept that a human soul has components by approaching the issue through three instinctual questions that he considered basic to human existence: "How am I? Esotericism operates in closed societies, often centered on charismatic leaders. kenton county section 8 application; 2 bedroom houses for sale in leigh on sea 5153 (RPP). ), cert. Jos Miguel Insulza Salinas (born June 2, 1943) is a Chilean politician, lawyer, and academic serving as a senator for the Arica y Parinacota Region since 2018. In making this determination, we view all inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and affirm only where no reasonable trier [1072] of fact could have found in her favor. It is an atmosphere of power imbalance, fosters childlike regression and does not support critical thinking. While sequences of fact presentation may in appropriate cases merit copyright protection, Ichazo's sequence lacks the requisite [1076] originality. Arica argues that these figures constitute the "heart" of Interviews. The only game Chile played outside of Santiago for the tournament, the match was held in Arica - conveniently also the base camp for the Soviet Union, who'd topped their group. Germany has nine, including several Max Planck Institutes. Ichazo described these passions as emotional energy in disarray, much like a sickness. ), cert. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) or Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) certified paper use is in transition presently. The Arica School, based in the United States of America, has influenced thousands of people all over the world. Id. He continues: "[b]ecause of this, I am not coming from thin air or inventing anything. Palmer identified as her principal source Claudio Naranjo, a psychologist with whom Palmer studied beginning in 1973. In 2021, UN human rights experts said they were deeply concerned by the continuous devastating impact on Arica of a dumping of toxic waste by a Swedish company nearly 40 years ago. We review de novo this mixed question of fact and law, New Era Publications Int'l, ApS v. Carol Publishing Group, 904 F.2d 152, 155 (2d Cir. See Feist, ___ U.S. at ___, 111 S.Ct. By entering this level of Contemplation, you will perceive the Light in everything and have the Knowledge of your Oneness with the Divine, which is found in the Perfect Freedom of the State of Innate Awareness. at 195. We therefore agree with the district court that the second fair use factor, the "nature of the copyrighted work," favors Palmer. (In Swedish) Judge Patterson properly awarded summary judgment to defendants on this point. 1056 (S.D.N.Y.1991). The US, by contrast, has 20 institutes specialising in theory, such as the Santa Fe Institute and the Institute for Advanced Study. 1056 (S.D.N.Y.1991). From recognition of the land to social recognition, Une chronique de Patrick Puigmal: Plus de 300 militaires napoloniens luttrent pour lindpendance du Chili, "Arica, Chile Kppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)", "Weather recorders 19791993, this city had no rain", "Datos Normales y Promedios Histricos Promedios de 30 aos o menos", "Temperatura Histrica de la Estacin Chacalluta, Arica Ap. This use fits the purposes described in section 107 and we accordingly grant it a strong presumption under the first factor. Salinger, 811 F.2d at 98. The Entebbe Express highway in Uganda is under construction by a Chinese company Image:. Thank you. The roots of this "merger" doctrine can be found in such cases as Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99, 25 L.Ed. Wright, 953 F.2d at 738. Ichazo could have diagramed the ego fixations in any number of ways including, for example, a numbered listing of the nine fixations with arrows drawn to represent the relationships among them. at 2233, asks us to evaluate economic impact of the use upon the copyright owner. Id., ___ U.S. at ___, 111 S.Ct. 90 Civ. Near the city is the Azapa Valley, an oasis where vegetables and Azapa olives are grown. See id. Friedman, Inc., 294 F.Supp. at 195; see also Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. v. General Signal Corp., 724 F.2d 1044, 1050 (2d Cir. (2010) that includes soil measurements finds no evidence of systematic bias for measured yields; Matsumoto and Yamano (2013) found inverse relationships between maize yields and plot size from estimated models that include and exclude soil carbon levels. The city serves a free port for Bolivia and manages a substantial part of that country's trade. View Arica Institute (www.arica.org) location in Connecticut, United States , revenue, industry and description. [28] The litigation, however, confirmed Oscar Ichazo as the source of the Enneagram of Personality and Fixations, its application, meaning, and related material.[29]. 102(a)(5) (West Supp.1992) ("pictorial, graphic and sculptural works" entitled to copyright protection). We find no error in this analysis given Arica's conceded policy of withholding its materials with the exception of Interviews and the more recently published Letters to the School from the general public. v. Am. Arica's word-for-word comparisons do not speak to the question of whether Palmer has taken the "fundamental essence or structure" of one or more of Ichazo's works. 469 U.S. 823, 105 S.Ct. This page was last edited on 14 January 2023, at 06:21. Over 30 years after Swedish mining company Boliden shipped almost 20,000 tonnes of toxic mining waste to the Chilean city of Arica, a group of United Nations Special Rapporteurs. Rather, it analyzes the characteristics of the human ego based on the three instincts known as conservation, relation, and adaptation, and the two poles of our psychic life: our sexuality or sense of life continuation, and our spirituality, or sense of internal unity.[7]. Arica, 770 F.Supp. The district court found that Palmer made "fair use" of the three longer passages from Interviews. Where defendant's use is for the purposes of "criticism, comment scholarship [or] research," 17 U.S.C.A. *189 *190 Frankfurt, Garbus, Klein & Selz, New York City by Arthur J. Ginsburg, for plaintiff. Socio-historia de la literatura colonial hispanoamericana: tres lecturas orgnicas. Vidal, Hernn. Transcript at 222-23. at 1297 (listing of phone numbers in alphabetical order is "practically inevitable" sequence not entitled to copyright protection); Victor Lalli, 936 F.2d at 673 (mechanical or typical ordering is "devoid of creativity, and therefore undeserving of copyright protection"); Hearn v. Meyer, 664 F.Supp. Human Culture and Enlightenment from $30.00. Referring to international law, Ebbesson says Sweden has an obligation to involve, "The consequences of this brutal act of contemporary colonization and irresponsible capitalism are still visible and painful." These enviable riches made Arica the target for pirates, buccaneers, and privateers, among whom Francis Drake,[5] Thomas Cavendish, Richard Hawkins, Joris van Spilbergen, John Watling, Baltazar de Cordes, Bartholomew Sharp, William Dampier, and John Clipperton all took part in looting the city. ", "Who am I with? Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Arica is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Mr. Vlado Mirosevic (Partido Liberal) and Mr. Luis Rocaful as part of the 1st electoral district, which includes the entire Arica and Parinacota Region. The commune of Arica is composed of 19 census districts. This is the warm up that will be used for all of my. These nine separate components are represented by enneagons nine pointed figures that map the human psyche. ARICA INSTITUTE, INC., Plaintiff, v. Helen PALMER and Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., Defendants. These arrived at different times during the last century. The Arica School, also known as the Arica Institute (which is its incorporated educational organization) or simply as Arica, is a Human Potential Movement group founded in 1968 by Bolivian-born philosopher Oscar Ichazo (1931-2020). It is an enormous trade and shipping point and vital for the maritimal access of Bolivia. Arica is the economical powerhouse of its region. His theories about the fixations are founded on the premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and that the human psyche must follow universal laws of reality. The lead children strikes back www.arica.org Fisheries play an important role in the livelihoods of riparian communities in Ghana. It is a concept considered logical because there must be a pre-existing order if all minds share essential similarities. Kregos v. Associated Press, 937 F.2d 700, 705 (2d Cir.1991). These long-established groups of Ariqueos have been augmented by various later settlers, mostly other criollos and mestizo Chileans from elsewhere around Chile, but also numerous Europeans, who arrived in the 1900s, including more Spaniards arriving from Spain, as well as Italians, Greeks, British, and French. Plaintiff-appellant Arica Institute, Inc. ("Arica") is a not-for-profit educational institution which provides trainings based on the work of the Institute's founder: Oscar Ichazo ("Ichazo"), himself a student of Zen, Sufism, Yoga, Buddism, Confucianism, I Ching, and the Kabbalah. http://povmagazine.com/articles/view/idfa-2020-the-just-causes-of-docs-against-capitalism, script and direction LARS EDMAN and WILLIAM JOHANSSON KALN produced by ANDREAS ROCKSN and WILLIAM JOHANSSON KALN co-produced by HANNE PHLYPO, ANDY JONES, ELLIE SMITH, KARL EMIL RIKARDSEN, JOS MIGUEL GARRIDO dop WILLIAM JOHANSSON KALN sound engineer LARS EDMAN editing GRAN GESTER, WILLIAM JOHANSSON KALN animation JOHAN LINDSTRM music composed and performed by PER-HENRIK MENP production LAIKA FILM & TELEVISION in co-production with CLIN DOEIL FILMS, RADIO FILM, RELATION04 MEDIA, ARICADOC, SVT, RTBF and FILMPOOL NORD with the support of THE SWEDISH FILM INSTITUTE, FILM I VSTERBOTTEN, THE SWEDISH ARTS GRANTS COMMITTEE, FILM I STOCKHOLM/FILMBASEN, NORDNORSK FILMSENTER,THE BERTHA FOUNDATION, THE SOLBERGA FOUNDATION, IUCN, NORDIC FILM & TV FUND and CREATIVE EUROPE PROGRAMME OF THE EUROPEAN UNION INTERNATIONAL distribution LIGHTDOX, Laika Film & Television AB See Arica, 770 F.Supp. Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Serv., Inc., ___ U.S. ___, ___, 111 S.Ct. Id. 118 28 Stockholm. In 1968, Ichazo presented lectures on his theories of Protoanalysis and the ego-fixations at the Institute of Applied Psychology in Santiago, Chile. [6] Others estimate that the population of Arica was less than 3,000 people and the death toll was around 300. Swedish press is overwhelmingly praising Arica upon its premiere in Sweden. 28, 3: 113-119. We find that factor one favors the defendant. 841 (1879), in which the Supreme Court held unprotected an author's lined ledger sheets where the sheets were necessary to the application of the author's accounting system and protecting them would have afforded copyright protection to the underlying system itself. 101 et seq., the Lanham Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. The Azapa Valley has developed a year-round agricultural economy due to improvements in irrigation and transportation of its products. . fisiopatologa de la hemorragia postparto; comunicacin y poder manuel castells captulo 1 resumen 1983) (citations omitted); Hoehling v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 618 F.2d 972, 977 (2d Cir. This is his trap. . However, this ruling denied copyright injunction under the "fair use" doctrine of copyright law. We agree with the district court that Palmer's use of the Arica materials fits easily into all four of these categories. [15], The entire theory is referred to as based on the idea of the Innate Structure of Mind. Here is my full warm-up and Joint Mobility routine that I like to incorporate before all of my workouts! Thus, for the purposes of this lawsuit, we must assume that Ichazo has "discovered" the ego fixations. Wright, 953 F.2d at 739. at ___, 111 S.Ct. The preceding eagle hemp cbd gummies opinion was concurred in by many hemp bombs cbd oil is good for seizures Spanish writers but the first English writer to support the theory was Thorowgood, in his work cbd for leukemia ama entitled, Jewes in America.. "; and "What is the truth that gives meaning and value to human life?"[3]. Arica is home to 97.7% of the total population of the region.[2]. [citation needed]. His teaching, which he calls "Protoanalysis", uses the enneagram figure among many other symbols and ideas. Palmer testified that her other sources included: Interviews; a chapter from Transpersonal Psychologies (Charles Tart, ed., 1975) entitled "The Arica Training" written by Joseph Hart and John Lilly, both of whom had attended Ichazo's 1971 training; and the enneagram-related work of the late Russian philosopher and mystic Gurdjieff. Arica thus held a crucial role as one of the leading ports of the Spanish Empire. See Palmer, The Enneagram at 42. The 1929 Tacna-Arica compromise in the Treaty of Lima subsequently restored Tacna to Peru but Arica remained part of Chile. Lightdox Moreover, cbd gummies tinnitus relief as the tribunal was a creditor of the cbd 25mg gummies treasury . We accordingly find no error in the district court's grant of summary judgment to defendants on the copyright infringement claim. 188 (S.D.N.Y. [citation needed] It triggered a tsunami, measurable across the Pacific in Hawaii, Japan and New Zealand. The Peruvian Constitution of 1823 regards it as a province of the Department of Arequipa. . Modern biology was incorporated into the theory by associating the hypergnostic rings (chakras) with anatomy rather than energy centers. at 190. For evening entertainment there is the Casino de Arica. These discussions, while they include aspects of Ichazo's work, go well beyond it. The six other fundamental enneagons portray qualities of the nine fixations in labels attached to the point associated with that fixation. The National Migration Institute (Inami) of that country already estimates there are 147,000 undocumented immigrants stuck there, including 18,883 Haitians who have submitted requests for humanitarian asylum to the Mexican Commission for Refugee Aid (Comar). Ichazo's attachment of labels to the enneagrams presents a different angle on copyrightability. at 195. Powerful and moving court drama Fechar menu. Co., Inc., ___ U.S. ___, ___, 111 S.Ct. See Arica, 770 F.Supp. Palmer has also written that "Ichazo had placed the types correctly on the nine-pointed star, so that the relationships among the types could be verified through interviews". As noted above, an "original selection or arrangement" of facts is copyrightable even where the facts themselves are not. Arica also holds copyrights in approximately forty-seven training manuals, books, and journals ("the copyrighted materials"). The Arica School ("Arica"), including its organizations, Arica Institute, Inc. ("AI") and The Oscar Ichazo Foundation, Inc. ("OIF"), is committed to the Arica Ethos and in its Code of Conduct states implicitly and explicitly that the Arica Work is available to every person who can benefit. Each of the next nine chapters, which range in length from 19 to 39 pages, elaborate on a given personality type. [23], Ichazo has applied the enneagram figure in connection with his theory of mechanical ego mechanisms which grow out of psychological traumas suffered at an early age in specific aspects of the human psyche. Arica has stated elsewhere that the series of fixations is a "natural declension" comparable to "the spectrum of colors," and that "the sequence of the series cannot be changed at will by subjective preference." Arica was one of the four host cities of the 1962 FIFA World Cup, and it was the venue for a Rip Curl Pro Search surfing event that took place from June 20 to July 1, 2007. By being introduced into the powerful State of Total Awareness of Mind, a State of Complete Emptiness is attained. Enneagram figures appear at various points, most notably at page 50 where there are seven enneagrams, six virtually identical to their Ichazo counterparts. The film, with Karl Emil Rikardsen at Relation04 Media as the Norwegian co-producer, will be in International Competition. "The rich world vs. the poor Before finding her liable, however, we must examine whether hers was a "fair use." HarperCollins (successor-in-interest to Harper & Row, Inc.), published the book in hardcover in November, 1988, and in paperback in 1991. [8] The toxic waste - which remains outdoors, uncovered and exposed to natures elements - poses a health and security risk including to drinking water systems, given its high content of arsenic. Warner Bros. Inc. v. Am. That decision is insubstantial in relation to the work as a whole. at 2232-33. Since 1992, Australia has had a mandatory detention policy for "unauthorized" arrivals, which have included asylum-seekers. [4][5] The principal psychological connections between the nine ego fixations can be mapped using the points, lines, and circle of the enneagram figure. https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/arica-storbolaget-mot-de-fattiga, NORWEGIAN PREMIERE During the first three decades or so, most aspects of his theory that were mapped onto the enneagram were circular mappings (e.g., closing of the spectrum into a circular Rainbow Eye) that involved little or no utilization of the interconnecting lines that constitute the enneagram's form. In none of the alleged instances of copying from Interviews does Palmer appropriate creative expression of the sort referenced in Salinger. The Hypergnostic (exaggerated perception) meditation utilized the ancient notion of vertically arranged chakras, expanding the seven chakra system widely used in Hindu meditation into nine by adding the sacrum and the nape of the neck. Our programmes aim to advance social justice, promote equitable economic development that realises socio-economic rights, and ensure a thriving, democratic, environmentally sustainable, and inclusive economy that places the needs of the majority at the centre. See also Morrissey v. Proctor & Gamble Co., 379 F.2d 675, 678-79 (1st Cir. Thus, for the purposes of this lawsuit we take Arica at its word and assume that the sequence of the fixations, like the fixations themselves, is an unalterable fact, the product of discovery and not creativity. In many cases, this means that their populations are fished out faster than can be replenished if not well managed. [1068] [1069] Arthur J. Ginsburg, Steven C. Beer and Kyran Cassidy, of counsel, Frankfurt, Garbus, Klein & Selz, P.C., New York City, for plaintiff-appellant. Arica uses the seven fundamental enneagons to teach its students the qualities associated with their particular ego fixation. 478, 479 (S.D.N.Y.1919), dealt with historical works containing chronological narrations of events. The empirical evidence addressing either criticism is thin, but a study by Barrett et al. No. Other attractions include the former house of the Governor, the Former Arica Custom House, railway station Arica-La Paz, the Archaeological and Anthropological Museum of San Miguel de Azapa, Sea and Historical Arms and Arica. Moreover, access through a third party is legally sufficient, see Nimmer, 3 Nimmer on Copyright 13.02[A] at 13-13, and it is undisputed that Palmer possessed Lilly and Hart's article "The Arica Training" which contains all seven of the labeled Ichazo enneagrams. 100, 83 L.Ed.2d 45 (1984) (use of 29 words from 2100 word article held insubstantial). According to Ichazo, a person's fixation derives from childhood subjective experience (self-perception) of psychological trauma when expectations are not met in each of the instincts. "; "What is the supreme good of humanity? Supporting the Arica School Arica School Website Arica School Webstore Arica Training Sponsors Arica Profactors Group Practice Organizers School Resources Privacy Policy 2022 Arica Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. It is Kenya's biggest infrastructure project since independence from Britain in 1963. There is no other access to the Arica chamber but through the door in the mountain near Pay quina. [citation needed]. Thus, a sufficiently creative sequence will merit copyright protection. Palmer testified that she drew on her work with Naranjo, as well as on "an immense amount of material that never was developed through either man, but came through many, many interviews of people with whom I work and from whom I take their stories." While defendant "need not `shut out' her opponent on the four factor tally to prevail," Wright, 953 F.2d at 740, if she does so, victory on the fair use playing field is assured. See 17 U.S.C.A. Id. Recognizing interactions among the three, he developed a 3 x 3 = 9 component system, which he correlated with several schemas that have long existed in diverse fields: spectrum of light, chakras, physiological systems, and the enneagram. [9], According to the 2017 census by the National Statistics Institute, Arica spans an area of 4,799.4km2 (1,853sqmi) and has 222,619 inhabitants (110,115 men and 112,504 women). The Arica system observes that the human body and psyche is composed of nine independent yet interconnected systems. den. [26] Ichazo considered Naranjo's understanding of the Enneagram to be limited and incomplete. By 1545, Arica was the main export entrepot for Bolivian silver coming down from Potos, which then possessed the world's largest silver mine. The Arica Way of the Heart training has the purpose of expanding the State of Pure Divine Love in our hearts. While these two passages arguably describe the same personality type, Palmer's expression of this idea does not appropriate Ichazo's "sequence of thoughts, choice of words, emphasis and arrangement" in such a way as to make actionable the use of single words and short phrases. Both works might well interest those pursuing emotional and psychological self-help. New Era, 904 F.2d at 157 (quoting Harper & Row, 471 U.S. at 564, 105 S.Ct. Following the collapse of Spanish rule, in 1821, Arica was part of the recently independent Peruvian Republic. The hell of the indolent is the worst of all the fixations because it leads to inner paralysis and indecision. 296, 299 (S.D.Cal.1941) (revelations to author by Tibetan spirit). A worthy and well done documentary film." Company Number 777151 Status Withdrawal Incorporation Date 31 July 1973 (over 49 years ago) Company Type Foreign Nonprofit Corporation Jurisdiction New Mexico (US) Branch Branch of ARICA INSTITUTE, INC. (New York (US)) Inactive Directors / Officers. Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Serv. New York. We find the seventy Appendix pages insufficient to demonstrate comprehensive non-literal similarity. 434 U.S. 1014, 98 S.Ct. [9], Integral Philosophy is a new philosophical tradition that presents a complete analysis of the human condition from the lowest levels of the human process to the highest States of Enlightenment (Gk. Arica's complaint, filed on August 6, 1990, alleged violations of the Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. The district court held that Palmer had access only to Interviews, thereby narrowing Arica's claim to the 250 or so alleged instances of copying from that work. Arica was made famous in 1970 by the spiritual master Oscar Ichazo when he held a 10-month training there for 50 North Americans from the Esalen Institute in California. Vice president and minister of the interior of Chile. [1077] We believe that Ichazo's attachment of labels to the enneagram figure contains the minimal degree of creativity necessary to make it copyrightable. Archaeological findings indicate that Arica was inhabited by different native groups dating back 10,000 years. at 1063. at 1287. Average salary for The Francis Crick Institute Phd Student in Peterlee, England: [salary]. ), cert. We need consider only Ichazo's creative decision to link the labels with the figure. The Origin and Development of Lincoln Bible Institute, Lincoln, Illinois, 1944-1959: . OSCAR ICHAZO, Insights into the Teacher The Philosophy The School. may be inferred when the defendant has had a 'reasonable opportunity to view' plaintiff's 2 Citing Cases From Casetext: Smarter Legal Research Arica Institute, Inc. v. Palmer Kregos, 937 F.2d at 707. The "fair use" exception applies where the Copyright Act's goal of encouraging creative and original work would be better served by allowing the use than by preventing it. Wright, 953 F.2d at 736-37 (citation and parenthetical omitted). Arica publications repeatedly assert that Ichazo has "discovered" the ego fixations, which are scientifically verifiable "facts" of human nature. 832, 851 (S.D.N.Y.1987) ("a thematic presentation, structured chronologically, is not copyrightable"). Arica claims that defendants-appellees Helen Palmer ("Palmer") and Harper & Row, the author and publisher respectively of The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and the Others in Your Life ("The Enneagram"), have infringed on its copyrights. Arica, 770 F.Supp. Arica Institute is a nonprofit, membership supported, educational organization, centered around the Teachings of Oscar Ichazo, its founder. Passenger train services on the AricaLa Paz railway ceased in 1996, but as of 2017 there were proposals to restart services from Arica as a tourist attraction (and for freight). These valleys provide citrus and olives for export.[3]. Thus, "[f]acts, whether alone or as part of a compilation, are not original and [1075] therefore may not be copyrighted." Palmer's allegedly infringing passage reads as follows: Nines can go along with a situation for a long time while still trying to decide. Beyond Rwanda The use of countries like Rwanda by Western states is on the rise. Which Cbd Gummy Is Best For Anxiety? The rail line still functions today. He was the first director of the. Id. Although some modern Enneagram of Personality writers have suggested that Ichazo's teachings are derived, in part, from those of Gurdjieff's Fourth Way work,[33] Ichazo denied this in his "Letter to the Transpersonal Community. The Tacna-Arica Plebescite of 1925-1926: Its Background, the Attempt Itself, and the Settlement of the Tacna-Arica Dispute . Oscar Ichazo (July 24, 1931 in Bolivia March 26, 2020 in Kihei, Hawaii, USA[1]) was a Bolivian and American philosopher and the originator of Integral Philosophy. Plaintiff Arica Institute, Inc. ("Arica") is a not-for-profit tax-exempt educational institution founded in the state of New York in 1971 by Oscar Ichazo ("Ichazo"). Apply now Donations In 1975, together with Chile's new open economy policies, the "Junta de Adelanto de Arica" was abolished. United States District Court, S.D. Though Arica establishes access to Ichazo's enneagram labels, and indeed substantial similarity from which copying may be inferred, it is unable to demonstrate similarity of copyrightable elements. For media inquiries contact Laika film & Television AB. To succeed in its infringement claim, Arica must demonstrate two elements: "(1) ownership of a valid copyright; and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that are original." Under Salinger, a defendant's copying of an ordinary word or phrase is actionable where she has also appropriated enough of plaintiff's "sequence of thoughts, choice of words, emphasis, and arrangement to satisfy the minimal threshold of required creativity." Ichazo founded the Arica Institute which was originally based in Chile before moving to the United States [2] and coined the term "Enneagram of Personality". Broadcasting Cos., 621 F.2d 57, 60 (2d Cir.1980). Cf. Nimmer, 1 Nimmer on Copyright, 2.11[D] at 2-167 & n. 28. The commune is represented in the Senate by Jos Miguel Insulza (PS, 20182026) and Jos Durana (UDI, 20182026) as part of the 1st senatorial constituency (Arica and Parinacota Region and Tarapac Region).