Upon visiting Nanking, McCartee described the situation in the city as "Dreadful destruction of life." As a Han subgroup, the Hakka were frequently marginalised economically and politically, having migrated to the regions which their descendants presently inhabit only after other Han groups were already established there. I slay the evil, preserve the righteous, and relieve the people's suffering. reform and, in 1898, tapped into public antipathy against Westerners. And so on and so on and so on, all the way back to the Garden when Cain killed Abel. Taiping Rebellion Definition (1850-1864) Massive rebellion against the Qing led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the youngest brother of Jesus Christ come to earth to create a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace". [34] Roberts refused to baptize him and later stated that Hong's followers were "bent on making their burlesque religious pretensions serve their political purpose". [27] In later embellishments, Hong would declare that he also saw Confucius being punished by his celestial father for leading the people astray. [67] They were assisted by non-Muslim Shan and Kakhyen and other hill tribes in the revolt. With no reliable census at the time, estimates of the death toll of the rebellion are necessarily based on projections. Almost every citizen who had not fled the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was given military training and conscripted into the army to fight against Qing imperial forces. Be the first to contribute! Robert Jackson Bennett, The beginning of love is a horror of emptiness. bloody affair. Eventually, two other God Worshippers claimed to possess the ability to speak as members of the "Celestial Family", the Father in the case of Yang Xiuqing and Jesus Christ in the case of Xiao Chaogui.[39][40]. Under the Taiping household registration system, one adult male from each household was to be conscripted into the Army. The following poem, titled Poem on Executing the Evil and Preserving the Righteous (), written in 1837 by Hong, illustrates his religious thinking and goal that later led to the establishment of the "Heavenly Kingdom of Taiping". Although Hong likely died of his illness, suicide by poison has also been suggested. Szczepanski, Kallie. [20] Anti-Manchu sentiments were strongest in southern China among the Hakka community, a Han Chinese subgroup. ", "Taipings and Triads: The Role of Religion in Inter-rebel Relations", "The limits of the Shanghai bridgehead: understanding British intervention in the Taiping rebellion 186062", Comparative Studies in Society and History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&oldid=1134264430, "Taiping [Great Peace] Heavenly Kingdom Movement". Poems and books are evidences that praise Yahweh in front of Him. Since the Taipings considered the Manchus to be demons, they first killed all the Manchu men, then forced the Manchu women outside the city and burned them to death. Written by one of Japan' most popular modern authors, this is a lively, readable, and immensely entertaining fictional portrayal of one of the epochal events of the nineteenth century. After the failure of the Red Turban Rebellion (18541856) to capture Guangzhou, their soldiers retreated north into Jiangxi and joined forces with Shi Dakai. [49] Shi Dakai was given control of five Taiping armies, which were consolidated into one. [93][94] These policies of mass murder of civilians occurred elsewhere in China, including Anhui,[95][96] and Nanjing. The group was called "the God Worshippers," which relied on local "[105], Famine, disease, massacres, and social disruption led to a sharp decline in population, especially in the Yangtze delta region. Related Topics. In the beginning of the rebellion, the large numbers of women serving in the Taiping army also distinguished it from other 19th-century armies. In the province of Hunan one Qing loyalist who observed the genocidal massacres which the Taiping forces committed against the Manchus wrote that the "pitiful Manchus", the Manchu men, women and children were executed by the Taiping forces. Despite this horrific outcome, and the founder's millennial Christian inspiration, the Taiping Rebellion proved motivational for Mao Zedong's Red Army during the Chinese Civil War the following century. Almost none were landlords and in occupied territories landlords were often executed. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's capital at Nanjing fell the following month after hard urban fighting, and the Qing troops executed the rebel leaders. My eyes see through beyond the west, the north, the rivers, and the mountains. Very few Taiping rebels, even in the leadership caste, came from the imperial bureaucracy. The Taiping army was the rebellion's key strength. What Was the Taiping Rebellion? Related Topics Rebellion Rebellion Be Yourself Identity Being True To Yourself Pride Freedom Existence Learning Nostalgia Truth Poetry Success Learning Creativity Being Free World God Obedience Show more QUOTES The Taiping army's main strategy of conquest was to take major cities, consolidate their hold on the cities, then march out into the surrounding countryside to recruit local farmers and battle government forces. [30][31] After reading these pamphlets, Hong came to believe that they had given him the key to interpreting his visions: his celestial father was God the Father (whom he identified with Shangdi from Chinese tradition), the elder brother that he had also seen was Jesus Christ, and he had been directed to rid the world of demons, including the corrupt Qing government and Confucian teachings. Learning is always rebellion Every bit of new truth discovered is revolutionary to what was believed before. Their victims did not know where the bandits had come from and, when they plundered Buddhist temples, they were mistaken for Chinese Muslims from Yunnan called Hui in Mandarin and Haw in the Lao language (Thai: . It ranks as one of the bloodiest wars in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the 19th century. "What Was the Taiping Rebellion?" If your heart is a volcano, how shall you expect flowers to bloom? Every act of rebellion expresses a nostalgia for innocence and an appeal to the essence of being. As their name ("guest households") suggests, the Hakka were generally treated as migrant newcomers, and often subjected to hostility and derision from the local majority Han populations. The Taiping army pressed north into Hunan following the Xiang River, besieging Changsha, occupying Yuezhou, and then capturing Wuchang in December 1852 after reaching the Yangtze River. Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr. Weapons Taiping: it's basically 3 stages. First, the Taiping rebellion went on for basically 20 years from when the first shots were fired to when the last remnants were crushed. Although Karl Marx wrote several articles about the Taipings, he did not perceive a social program or agenda for change, only violence and destruction. Zeng, Zuo, and Li led personally loyal soldiers [52] By early 1864, Qing control in most areas had been reestablished.[53]. In terms of firearm and tactics, its complicated. [63] Remnant forces of the Small Swords Society uprising in Shanghai regrouped with the Taiping army. This group did not acknowledge the Qing dynasty as legitimate, and it Nanjing was put under siege and fell several. His followers tied red cloths around their heads. The only way to deal with an unfree world is to become so absolutely free that your very existence is an act of rebellion. [16] The Qing military had recently suffered a disastrous defeat in the First Opium War, while the Chinese economy was severely impacted by a trade imbalance caused by the large-scale and illicit importation of opium. It broke out in 1851, a Han Chinese reaction against the Qing Dynasty, which was ethnically Manchu.The rebellion was sparked by a famine in Guangxi Province, and Qing government repression of the resulting peasant protests. so a lot of things changed during that span. The Qing dynasty, essentially, was finished. [49] Wei's plans were ultimately thwarted and he and Qin were executed by Hong. For more than a decade, Taiping armies occupied and fought across much of the mid and lower Yangtze valley, ultimately devolving into total civil war. The sixty million dead overall of the Second World War, including eleven million murdered in the Holocaust. The Jintian Uprising that started it all has a prominent place on the "Monument to the People's Heroes" that stands today in Tiananmen Square, central Beijing. [13] The Qing referred to the Taiping as Yue Bandits ( or ) in official sources, a reference to their origins in the southeastern province of Guangdong. Those genuinely serving humanity always ultimately emerge triumphant. Taiping forces successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the Green Standard Army against the Jintian uprising. [102], The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries. And so on and so on and so on, all the way back to the Garden when Cain killed Abel. First published February 1, 2000. The imperial examination (Chinese: ; pinyin: kj; lit. The result was a shortage in labor supply for the first time in centuries, making labor relatively more valuable than land. 1868, the total cost of human lives was nearly 20 million. [69] According to modern researchers,[70] the Dungan rebellion began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a coalescence of many local brawls and riots which were triggered by trivial causes, among these causes were false rumors that the Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping rebels. My voice shakes the east, the south, the Sun, and the Moon. [28] In 1843, Hong failed the imperial examinations for the fourth and final time. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 168. PEASANT REVOLTS IN CHINA, 18401949. | Contact Us Most of the Taiping princes were executed. It was so severe that parents and children of the opposite sex could not interact, and even married couples were discouraged from having sex.[75]. Occasionally, the Nian rebels collaborated with Taiping forces, for instance, they collaborated during the Northern Expedition. The other significant ethnic group in the Taiping army was the Zhuang, an indigenous people of Tai origin and China's largest non-Han ethnic minority group. Jessica Valenti, And if strict monogamy is the height of all virtue, then the palm must go to the tapeworm, which has a complete set of male and female sexual organs in each of its 50-200 proglottides, or sections, and spends its whole life copulating in all its sections with itself. [114] That change was captured in a letter from the American missionary Divie Bethune McCartee. Because Zhuang communities were integrating with the Han at different rates, a certain amount of friction between the Han and the Zhuang was inevitable, with Zhuang unrest leading to armed uprisings on occasion.[80]. [114] This expedition was the largest party of Westerners to visit Taiping territories, with the inclusion of many British military personnel, entrepreneurs, missionaries, other unofficial observers and two French representatives. [45][46] The former expedition was a complete failure but the latter achieved limited success. combined with the appeal of the. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40, Pelissier, Roger. [104] Both Communist and Chinese Nationalist commanders studied Taiping organization and strategy during the Chinese Civil War. Cambridge: The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland Page 120 Clyde Kiang 1992, Purcell, Victor. The truth is that for every Chinese rebellion which succeeds, there are scores which fail - like the Taiping rebellion, led by a man influenced by Christian missionaries, who declared a. [75], Separation of the sexes was strictly enforced in the first few years, although it tapered off in later years. Teng, Yuah Chung. [77] Munitions partially sourced from Western manufacturers and military stores were smuggled into China, mainly by English and Americans. Streams of refugees who entered Shanghai contributed to the economic development of the city, which was previously less commercially relevant than other cities in the area were. The Europeans decided to stay officially neutral, though European military advisors served with the Qing army. Among the Navy's commanders was the Hang King Tang Zhengcai. [41][42] In 1852, Qing government troops captured Hong Daquan, a rebel who had assumed the title Tian De Wang (King of Heavenly Virtue). The 14-year civil war combined with other internal and external wars weakened the dynasty but provided incentive for an initially successful period of reform and self-strengthening. violence. Enjoy reading and share 3 famous quotes about The Taiping Rebellion with everyone. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. In early January 1851, following a small-scale battle in late December 1850, a 10,000-strong rebel army organized by Feng Yunshan and Wei Changhui routed Qing forces stationed in Jintian (present-day Guiping, Guangxi). The Heavenly Kingdom also outlawed foot binding, based its civil service exams on the Bible instead of Confucian texts, used a lunar calendar rather than a solar one, and outlawed vices such as opium, tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and prostitution. The younger Hong was inexperienced and powerless, so the kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell in July 1864 to the imperial armies after protracted street-by-street fighting. [29] It was only then, prompted by a visit by his cousin, that Hong took time to carefully examine Christian pamphlets he had received from a Protestant Christian missionary several years earlier. He was sick for 20 days before succumbing and a few days after his death, Qing forces took the city. The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 Hung Xiuquan (1814-1864) was the son of a farmer and an aspiring Chinese bureaucrat. Be the first to contribute! Hong Daquan's confession claimed that Hong Xiuquan had made him co-sovereign of the Heavenly Kingdom and given him that title, but was more likely an echo of an earlier but unconnected White Lotus Rebellion. In Lisa See's novel Snow Flower and the Secret Fan the title character is married to a man who lives in Jintian and the characters get caught up in the action. The Chinese Communist historians, following the lead of Mao Zedong, however, characterised the rebellion as a proto-communist uprising. The Taiping rebels can be seen retreating across a . [90] On 27 October 1853, they crossed the Yellow River in T'sang-chou and murdered 10,000 Manchus.[91]. Marx quotes with evident approval the dispatch of Mr. Bruce, the English Ambassador . Anti-Western uprising erupted throughout China, undertaken by groups The landed gentry of the Lower Yangtze region were reduced in numbers and concentration of land ownership was reduced. Taiping troops surrounded Shanghai in January 1862, but were unable to capture it. During the 19th century, the Qing did not describe the conflict as either a civil war or a movement because doing so would have lent credibility to the Taiping. All of the exams use these questions. Also, like the communists, the Taiping Kingdom declared men and women equaland abolished social classes. Recently, however, scholars such as Tobie Meyer-Fong and Stephen Platt have argued that the term "Taiping Rebellion" is biased because it insinuates that the Qing government was a legitimate government which was fighting against the illegitimate Taiping rebels. The glorious sword of authority was given by the Lord. [17] Banditry became common, and numerous secret societies and self-defense units formed, all of which led to an increase in small-scale warfare. The Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) was a millenarian uprising in southern China that began as a peasant rebellion and turned into an extremely bloody civil war. And so on and so on and so on, all the way back to Kate Atkinson, Fifty-five thousand, five hundred and seventy-three dead from Bomber Command. The landowning upper class, unsettled by the Taiping ideology and the policy of strict separation of the sexes, even for married couples, sided with government forces. Scholars consider it to be the deadliest civil war in the history of the world. It tires you out and you never seem to get any kind of reward. Although keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralized nature of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. [72], The rebels announced social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialisation, and "suppression" of private trade. The rebels were buying weapons by 1853. He was not waging his rebellion against Han Chinese, instead, he was anti-Qing and he wanted to destroy the Qing government. But fearing for his life, he departed from Tianjing and headed west towards Sichuan. Kate Atkinson, And to my lips' Bright crimson rim The passion slips, And down my slim White body drips The shining hymn " It was not until August 1871 that the last Taiping army led by Shi Dakai's commander, Li Fuzhong (), was completely wiped out by government forces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi.[56]. Szczepanski, Kallie. [81], A particularly famous imperial force was Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army. Just click the "Edit page" button at the bottom of the page or learn more in the Quotes submission guide. Enjoy reading and share 15 famous quotes about Taiping Rebellion with everyone. Part of the extremeness came from a mistranslation of the Ten Commandments, which led to the seventh commandment also forbidding "licentiousness" as well as adultery. As a result, the Taiping Rebellion was likely the bloodiest war of the nineteenth century, with an estimated 20 - 30 million casualties, mostly civilians. Israelmore Ayivor, Way has never opened in front of me but a lot of way has closed behind me, and that has had the same guiding effect. Scientists have long known that Darwinism is false. Shunshin Chin, Joshua A. Fogel (Translator) 3.00. Show more. : an American History, Leadership and management ATI The leader CASE 1, Philippine Politics and Governance W1 _ Grade 11/12 Modules SY. [78] Just before his execution, Taiping Loyal King Li Xiucheng advised the Qing to buy, and to learn how to replicate, the best foreign cannon and gun carriages to prepare for war with foreign powers. Where the armies under the control of dynasty itself were unable to defeat the Taiping, these gentry-led Yong Ying armies were able to succeed.[82]. The leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom began to fracture, as well, and Hong Xiuquan went into seclusion. 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